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最新研究：物种灭绝对马达加斯加生物多样性威胁或长达数百万年******

　　中新网北京1月11日电 (记者孙自法)施普林格·自然旗下学术期刊《自然-通讯》最新发表一篇生物多样性研究论文指出，如果濒危动物灭绝，马达加斯加的生物多样性可能需要几百万年的时间才能恢复到人类抵达前的水平。这项研究结果表明，需立即开展保育行动防止长期持续的生物多样性丧失。

马达加斯加的日落，这里是几种猴面包树的家园。　Association Vahatra　摄

　　该论文介绍，马达加斯加生活着许多独一无二的动物物种，包括环尾狐猴、马达加斯加长尾灵猫，还有世界上最小的变色龙等，很多这些物种都因为人类影响濒临灭绝，这些人类影响包括森林砍伐、打猎和气候变化。演化和来自其他地区的新物种或能最终补偿这些动物的灭绝，但这个过程需要很长的时间。

維氏冕狐猴是马达加斯加现存109种狐猴中的一种，为极危物种，当地已有17种狐猴灭绝。　Chien C Lee　摄

　　论文第一作者、荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学内森·米切尔森(Nathan Michielsen)和论文通讯作者、荷兰格罗宁根大学路易斯·瓦伦特(Luis Valente)与合作者一起，尝试量化人类对马达加斯加动物的破坏程度，并预测未来的结局。他们收集了包含249种现生哺乳动物和最近灭绝的哺乳动物的完整数据集，包括人类首次抵达该岛后不久消失的大狐猴、倭河马等多个物种。通过将这些数据与物种演化历史以及它们随时间的地理分布的统计模型相结合，作者发现，如果当前的威胁不加缓解，马达加斯加将需要300万年才能恢复自人类抵达以来所消失的物种。此外，如果当前的濒危物种也发生灭绝，马达加斯加将需要超过2000万年的时间才能恢复。

低地斑纹马岛猬是一种仅生活在马达加斯加的多样且特别的哺乳动物。　Chien C Lee　摄

　　论文作者指出，即使对于那些比不会飞的哺乳动物更容易在岛上定居的蝙蝠物种来说，可能也需要300万年才能恢复。作者还发现，马达加斯加濒临灭绝的哺乳动物物种数量在过去10年里大幅增加，从2010年的56种增加到2021年的128种。

吸足蝠属于一类古老的蝙蝠家族，仅存于马达加斯加。　Chien C Lee　摄

　　论文作者警告说，如果不及时采取保育行动，马达加斯加生物多样性所受到的影响可能会长达几百万年。他们指出，保育项目应包含改善当地人口的社会经济状况、减少剩余自然栖息地的森林损失，以及限制手工和商业资源开采，如阔叶树材采伐和野生食用动物交易。(完)

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中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.